Group+2+-+Intelligence+Testing

 =Intelligence Testing =

Chapter 13 Section 2
Melanie Sopp, Jake Metcalf, Kaleb Jeske, Colin James

__Summary __

Many psychologists view intelligence differently. Most believe that intelligence is the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and adapt it to new situations, while others say that intelligence is simply what allows people to do well in school. There are many different theories on intelligence. First is the two-factor theory, where factors such as general intelligence and a specific person’s mental abilities (math or vocabulary), contribute to their overall intelligence. Second, Thurstone’s theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is a result of 7 categories: Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. Third, Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences broke intelligence into categories similar to Thurstone’s, but said that different people may be stronger in different categories yet weaker in others, giving them similar intelligence scores. Fourth, Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence. He stated that intelligence can be separated into three ways of processing information: analytical, creative, and practical. Another type of intelligence is emotional intelligence. This includes the ability to understand emotions, use them while thinking, and promote personal growth through them.

In order to measure intelligence though, psychologists use intelligence tests. Different psychologists have proposed different tests. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale is used primarily in students, and includes different tasks to stimulate and maintain interest of the test taker. This helps measure the intelligence of the person, not merely their attention span. This intelligence test eventually determines the person's mental age. Then this is used to find a person's IQ, or intelligence quotient, which is a score based on the ration of a person's mental age to their chronological age. The average IQ score is 100. This test is no longer widely used though, as the Otis-Lennon Ability Test has primarily replaced it in measure children's intelligence. This test measures a student's ability to learn and succeed in school, rather than their intelligence at one given time. The Wechsler Test is also very common. There are three of these tests, one for ages 4-6.5, one for ages 6-16, and the last for adults. This test gives an overall score while also giving percentile scores in several more specific areas, such as vocabulary or arithmetic. This test gives the same Intelligence Quotient as the Stanford-Binet Scale.

IQ scores give several different meanings. The average score for these tests is 100, and most people score near this. Out of people who take these tests, 95% score between 70 and 130. Only 2% score outside of this range. Those below are traditionally classified as mentally handicapped. IQ scores tend to be most useful in relation to school achievement. They are very accurate in predicting which people will do well in schools, colleges, or universities. However, critics say that intelligence, is supposed to be the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and adapt it to new situations, as stated above. They argue that taking a test does not accurately measure this ability to acquire new information. Other critics also argue that IQ scores do not include heritability at all, and that IQ tests are subject to cultural biases, which both may bias IQ scores significantly. Some psychologists admit that some tests may be biased in assessing accumulated knowledge, which may be influenced by the child's environment and opportunities, but there are also many efforts to develop unbiased tests. This may be a difficult goal however, as all tests are based on assumptions of a particular culture.

__Terms __

__Cultural bias: __ An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions and the experiences on which they are based may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group. -The wording in a question may be easier for one social group to understand than another group. Ex: A question about music terms, such as staccato, would be easily understood by music students or musicians; whereas an everyday person may not know it. __Emotional intelligence:__ The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in decision making. -The ability of a person to comprehend their emotions and make a well thought decision from it. Ex: A football player getting angry during the game can control his anger, and use it to his advantage. <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Heritability:__ A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors. <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-How people of similar genetic make-up have similar traits. <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex: High intelligence scores correlate within families. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Intelligence quotient (IQ):__ Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is defined as average. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-A way to measure how smart someone is, based on a scale where 100 is average, 55 is low, and 144 is genius. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex: A person who scores 120 on an IQ test would be above average. <span style="color: #ff7e00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Intelligence:__ Is the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and to adapt to new situations. <span style="color: #ff7e00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-The ability a person has to adapt to certain aspects of life, and their ability to think freely. <span style="color: #ff7e00; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex: A scientist’s theories come from their intelligence level, and how easily they can come up with their own ideas.

<span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Triarchic theory:__ Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence that proposes that intelligence can be divided into three ways of processing information. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">-Three different subdivisions of intelligence are: <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Analytical__ - which is the persons ability to solve problems. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Creative__ - which is the persons thinking to solve problems and dealing with new situations. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Practical__ - is the persons thinking skills to help adjust to and cope with one's environment. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex. of Analytical - A students ability to solve a math problem. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex. of Creative - Figuring out how to hold lit candles on the wall using a match box, matches, tacs, and candles. <span style="color: #b833d7; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex. of Practical - It is snowing outside, so you choose to wear a jacket. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Two-factor theory:__ Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence that proposes that two factors contribute to an individual’s intelligence. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Two contributing factors: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Factor g__ - represents a person's general intelligence, or their ability to perform complex mental work, such as problem solving. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex: The ability of a person to change a tire. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">__Factor s__ - represents a person's specific mental abilities, such as verbal or math skills. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Ex: Factoring an equation in math class.

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Links __

History of Intelligence Testing This link describes the history or intelligence testing and includes detailed information about such testing like Alfred Binet's first intelligence testing, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, testing during WWI, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.

The Influence of Heredity and Environment The influence of heredity and environment are explored and how they can have influence in determining intelligence levels.

Intelligence Testing This link talks about the difference kinds of development and the possibilities of how some people may have different learning styles and strongholds.

Comparing Intelligence Tests Many different kinds of intelligence tests are explored and compared according to effectiveness.

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Key Concepts __

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">1. __<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Views of Intelligence: __<span style="color: #7f00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Most psychologists believe that intelligence is the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and to adapt to new situations, while others believe that intelligence is what allows you to do well on tests and in school.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">2. __Two Factor Theory of Intelligence:__ <span style="color: #7f00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Charles Spearman's theory is composed of two factors. The first factor, g, represents the general intelligence of a person. The second factor, s, represents specific mental abilities, such as math skills or verbal skills.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">3. __Thurstone's Theory of Intelligence:__ <span style="color: #7f00ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> L.L. Thurstone, on the other hand, believed that Spearman's theory was not so simple and that there was no evidence of general intelligence. He believed that general intelligence did not exist, and that instead it was composed of seven primary mental abilities. These abilities include verbal comprehension, numeric ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">4. __Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence:__ <span style="color: #dc8128; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Howard Gardner rejected the traditional idea of intelligence as primarily the ability to think logically because it omits many important skills. Gardner argues for a broader perspective that includes eight types of intelligence. These types are: verbal ability, logical-mathematical reasoning skills, spatial ability, musical ability, body-kinesthetic ability, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills and naturalist intelligence. He argues that the biological organization of the brain affects one's strength in each of the eight areas. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">5. __Sternberg's Theory of Intelligence:__ <span style="color: #dc8128; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence. He believes intelligence can be divided into three ways of processing information: analytical thinking skills, creative thinking to solve problems, and practical thinking skills to help adjust to one's environment. Sternberg's ideas stress the point that traditional intelligence tests do not measure and assess intelligences found in everyday life. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">6. __Emotional Intelligence:__ <span style="color: #dc8128; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Emotional intelligence has four major aspects related to Gardner's concepts of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. The four major aspects include: the ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and appropriately, to use emotions while thinking, to understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively, and to regulate one's emotions to promote personal growth.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">7. __Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale:__ <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> This was the original test to determine a child's intelligence. Using several tasks to maintain a child's attention, this test determined the mental age of the child taking it. This is no longer used today though.



<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">8. __IQ (intelligence quotient):__ <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Created by dividing a child's mental age by the chronological (actual) age, and then multiplying by 100. This creates the IQ score, where 100 is average, and 95% of people score between 70 and 130. Above 130 is considered to be of genius quality, and under 70 is classified as mentally handicapped.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">9. __Wechsler Tests:__ <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> Intelligence tests for all age groups. There are three tests: ages 4-6.5, 6-16, and adults. Still uses the same Intelligence quotient as the Stanford-Binet Scale though. Consists of an overall score, as well as percentile scores in other specific areas such as vocabulary, arithmetic, etc. (Gives a greater understanding of one's intelligence).



<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">10. __Controversy Over IQ Testing:__ <span style="color: #0e76f6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">The modern controversy over IQ testing scores is because psychologists can not, or will not, agree on whether or not genetics or environmental inequalities have an influence on human intelligence and IQ testing scores.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">11. __Nature vs. Nurture:__ <span style="color: #0e76f6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> genetic relationships are measured by the extent of heritability, which is a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic factors. Studies have shown that the closer the genetic makeup between a child and parent, the closer their IQ's are likely to be. One of the ways that doctors have studied this controversy of nature and nurture is by studying identical twin who were brought up in different environments, and most studies have shown that the genetic heritability is accredited with similar IQ scores. Others say that boys and girls, if brought up in the same environment, have similar IQ's.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">12. __Cultural Bias:__ <span style="color: #0e76f6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> One of the flaws of intelligence tests is that they tend to be culturally bias, or overly familiar with a certain group of individuals. This is a major argument because some of the questions may be bias towards the environment and opportunities that an individual lives in or is associated with. As a result, these tests are aiming at becoming less culturally bias and more about general knowledge that is not sheltered or over stimulated in certain areas.

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Review Questions __

<span style="color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1. Jon is extremely good in solving arithmetic functions and giving presentations because he is such a good speaker and communicator. According to what factor of intelligence from Charles Spearman do these skills fall under? <span style="color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A. Factor //g (general)// B. Factor //s (specific)// C. Factors //g// and //s// D. Neither factor is a part of Spearman's theory

2. If Colin is unable to use thinking skills to help adjust to or cope with his environment, which type of intelligence would he be lacking? A. Analytical thinking skills B. Creative thinking skills C. Practical thinking skills D. All of the above

3. Kaleb lives in the Bronx, while Peter lives in a wealthy suburban neighborhood in Fargo. Kaleb comes up from the Bronx in order to take an IQ test that may help his chances of getting into a good college. The IQ test was created in Fargo, which assumes that all students in the United States know what agriculture is. However, Kaleb's school never talked about agriculture because it was not an emphasis in the Bronx. This IQ test demonstrates A. Urban bias B. Familiarity bias C. Location bias D. Cultural bias

4. Which of the following describes the measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors? A. Geneaology B. Heritability C. Gerontology D. Cross-referencing

5. Emotional Intelligence has four major aspects related to who's theory that involes interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences? A. Howard Gardner B. Robert Sternberg C. L.L. Thurstone D. Charles Spearman