Group+8+-+Humanistic+and+Cognitive+Theories





 Paige Weisz, Morgan Tuscherer, Cameron Dutt, Emily Burdick, Cydney Sabin, and Kathy Ly = Terms = 1. Humanistic Psychology: Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual. It can also be described as actions being determined by reward and punishment.For example: Coming home before curfew because your parents give you a certain reward.

2. Self-Actualization: Self-actualization is the humanist term for realizing one’s unique potential, or realizing who we are as unique humans. For example: Knowing what you want to do for a career.

3. Self: Self is one’s experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others. In other words, it’s what you value and display. For example: If somebody likes the clothes you wear, you wear them again because you feel good in them.

4. Positive Regard: Positive regard is viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback received from interaction with others, or approval. For example: If someone says you have a nice smile, you think you have a nice smile as well.

5. Conditions of Worth: Conditions of worth are the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively. This could also mean what a person needs to feel good. For example: Receiving a compliment from a stranger makes you feel good.

6. Unconditional Positive Regard: Unconditional positive regard is the perception that individuals’ significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same regard. In other words, if someone important values you, you are apt to value yourself in the same way. For example: If you are loved in your family, you love yourself just as much.

7. Fully Functioning: A fully functioning individual is one whose person and self coincide. This means that a person is attuned to everything going on with him or herself. For example: Knowing what your body and mind need to be happy at the same time.

= Questions = 1) What school of psychology emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual? A. Psychoanalytic psychology B. Behavioral psychology <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">C. Humanistic psychology D. Sociocultural psychology

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">2) What happens when someone views themselves in a positive light due to positive feedback received from interaction with others. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A. Self-actualization B. Positive regard <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">C. Fully functioning D. Self

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">3) Which term would most closely be related to self-actualization? <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A. Pursuit of knowledge and beauty B. Pursuit of love <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">C. Pursuit of hunger, thirst, and sex D. Pursuit of security

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">4) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualized person? <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A. Perceives reality accurately B. Accepts themselves as they are <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">C. Not realistically orientated D. Accepts environments more readily

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">5) A wife has just been complimented by her husband which in turn makes her feel better about herself. What is she experiencing (best answer)? <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A. Positive regard B. Unconditional positive regard <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">B. Conditions of worth D. Fully functioning

=<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Summary = <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The main points highlighted in this section are humanistic psychology, self-actualization, positive regard, conditions of worth, and unconditional positive regard. Humanistic psychology focuses on the role of the individual and also takes into account the environment a person is a part of. A key part in humanistic psychology is self-actualization, which is when an individual realizes their own unique potential. Another important part of the humanistic view is positive regard, or viewing oneself in a positive way. Also, conditions of worth was an important concept gone over in this section. These are the conditions a person must meet before achieving a positive regard. Next is unconditional positive regard which is supporting a person no matter what. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">There were two major concepts outlined in this section as well, Maslow’s idea of self-actualization, and Carl Rogers’s view of human behavior. Maslow’s idea of self-actualization is that although some people have great emotionally difficulties they cope with them in a productive manor. He also believed that they share certain traits like, being realistically oriented, they accept themselves and others, identify with humanity and many others. Carl Rogers believed that people suffer from a conflict between what they value in themselves and what others value in them. He also thought that each individual has a self, or what they see themselves as and what they value.

= ﻿Key Points = The difference between positive regard and unconditional positive regard is that the latter comes from a significant other, like a husband/wife or a boyfriend/girlfriend. Positive regard can come from anybody giving you positive reactions that make you feel good about yourself. An example would be a stranger complimenting you, as opposed to someone you know.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Jackie Robinson’s life demonstrates self-actualization. In the 40s, there were separate baseball leagues for African Americans and whites. Jackie was the first African American to enter the white’s league, and he played the game exceptionally well, despite what he had to overcome. He eventually changed the way baseball was played and viewed, and in turn, came to realize who he really was as a person. This situation clearly exemplifies self-acualization.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rogers always viewed the people he treated as clients, and not patients. He did this because he felt “patient” implied that the person had some sort of illness, and a negative label. Rogers was concerned that if he called his clients “patients,” it would hinder their growth to self-actualization. For example, a person would be more willing to submit to do what a lawyer asks if he/she was referred to as a client, and not a patient.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Humanistic psychology is like an optimistic view on behavior. Instead of trying to curb your inner desires or following conditioning, humanists believe that everything is done because you want to do it, or because you feel it is the right thing to do. It is based off the idea of self-actualization, rather than the ego/superego/id or stimuli.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The idea of self-theory is that every person is trying to become more and more “complete.” This “completeness” balances how a person views himself/herself, and how others view that person. Everyone wants to be all that they can be, though what that is will change from person to person.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cognitive theory is based off how we see and feel things; this is largely based off George Kelly’s personal construct theory. According to this theory, everything we know and believe is crucial in the development and display of our personalities.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Culture has a large impact on how people's personalities are formed. Things like self-sufficiency and internal locus of control vary from culture to culture.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Carl Rogers's "self" is how a person percieves themselves. This includes their image of themselves and the things they value.

This term was created by Carl Rogers and is defined as an individual whose person and self coincide. This means the person and the self are one (reminder: self is one’s experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others). Now, the person is free to develop all personalities. Rogers believed that self-regard and regard for others go together and that the human potential for good outweighs the potential evil. Relating this to the real world would be a person who knows what their body //and// mind need to be happy at the same time. Self-actualization is the humanistic term for realizing one’s unique potential. This “involves an openness to a wide range of experiences, an awareness of and respect for one’s own and other people’s uniqueness, accepting the responsibilities of freedom and commitment, a desire to become more and more authentic or true to oneself, and an ability to grow” (Kasschau 392). Relating this to the real world would be a girl striving for a more beautiful complexion. George Kelly’s //personal construct theory// of personality states “processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which (each of us) anticipates events”. He was concerned with individuals and their cognitive behaviors. He meant that there is organization to how we behave, governed by a network of potential but limited responses. The emphasis is on the individual. He also went on to develop ideas involving our individuality in how we develop our personal constructs. Relating this to the real world, Rogers suggests people who just meet each other should react to each other with unconditional positive regards.

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Carl Rogers is known for psychiatry. Rogers believes people are basically good and can figure out problems on their own if they know they can. He called the people he counseled “clients” because “patients” is a negative word. Rogers developed client-centered psychotherapy, which recognizes that each client has within him or herself the vast resources for self-understanding. Rogers created the self-theory. For example within each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows: 1. The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason he's there. Positive regard refers to the need for love, affection, and respect from other people. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. It is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. For example if a stranger or someone you barley know walks up to you and says you have a very pretty smile. Condition of worth refers to conditions after which affection is given. It is used to describe social influences on the self-concept. For example a child might not include anger in her self-concept because her parents' scolding has established a [|condition] of worth such that anger is inappropriate

The Hierarchy of Needs was developed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. It is represented as a pyramid with the largest and most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top. The most basic needs, at the bottom, were physical -- air, water, food, sex. Then came safety needs -- security, stability -- followed by psychological, or social needs -- for belonging, love, acceptance. At the top of it all were the self-actualizing needs -- the need to fulfill oneself, to become all that one is capable of becoming.

Many psychologists have criticized his work. The samples of self-actualized people were limited to colleagues of his or from selected people that Maslow believed was self-actualized based on his characteristics. You can see Maslow’s bias by reading through the characteristic table in the next section. Link: more on Maslow's Hierarchy that will help you

Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
 * They are realistically oriented. ||
 * They accept themselves, other people, and the natural world for what they are. ||
 * They have a great deal of spontaneity. ||
 * They are problem-centered rather than self-centered. ||
 * They have an air of detachment and a need for privacy. ||
 * They are autonomous and independent ||
 * Their appreciation of people and things is fresh rather than stereotyped. ||
 * Most of them have had profound mystical or spiritual experiences, although not necessarily religious in character. ||
 * They identify with humanity. ||
 * Their intimate relationships with a few specially loved people tend to be profound and deeply emotional rather than superficial. ||
 * Their values and attitudes are democratic. ||
 * They do not confuse means with ends ||
 * Their sense of humor is philosophical rather than hostile. ||
 * They have a great fund of creativeness. ||
 * They resist conformity to the culture ||
 * They transcend the environment rather than just coping with it. ||