Group+6+-+Psychoanalytic+Theories

 **Chapter 14:Sec.2: Psychoanalytic Theories **
 * By: Dejlana Hodzic, Shannon Nelson, Josh D, Jessica Davison, Beth Paul, Holli S. **

=__Summary__=

Sigmund Freud was a neurologist who practiced in Vienna in the late 1800s and early 1900s. He specialized in nervous disorders and many people talked to him about their private lives, conflicts, fears, and desires. Freud concluded that some of the most powerful influences on human personality are things outside our conscious awareness. In addition, Freud was the first modern psychologist to suggest that every personality has a large unaware, or unconscious, component. He believed that experiences include feelings and thoughts as well as actual events. He also believed that many of our experiences are not forgotten but are stored in the unconscious. For example, someone who experienced painful episodes as a child, such as being abused, would not forget these episodes. Moreover, it would be stored in the unconscious, and influence behavior in the future. As Freud further analyzed, there is a division between the unconscious and the conscious—the preconscious. The preconscious contains thoughts that can be recalled with relatively little effort. These thoughts would include information just below the surface of awareness. Preconscious thoughts include memories of recent events, recollections of friends, and simple facts. Psychoanalytic Theories deal mainly with the unconscious and how it influences our behavior and personality. Sigmund Freud was the main Psychoanalytic Theorist and he came up with the most of the main ideas associated with it. He came up with the structural concepts of the personality which include the id, ego, and superego. Freud also created the concept of defense mechanisms. Some defense mechanisms Freud identified are rationalization, depression, denial, projection, reaction formation, regression, displacement, and sublimation. Freud’s contribution to Psychoanalytic Theories helps people to better understand why humans have so much conflict in their life. People that followed in Freud’s footsteps are Carl Jung and Alfred Adler just to name a few. Carl Jung had a much more positive view of human nature. He believed in a collective unconscious, and called inherited universal ideas are archetypes. Alfred Adler thought that the driving force in people’s lives is a thirst to overcome feelings of inferiority. Alfred Adler also thinks that how parents treat their children affects the child’s choice of lifestyle. Alfred Adler also thinks that all humans are motivated by social urges and that each person is a social being with a unique personality. Eric Fromm’s theory is that humans need to belong and freedom can bring loneliness. Karen Horney emphasized the value of basic anxiety and thought a child could avoid Freud’s psychosexual parent-child conflict in an environment of love and security. Erik Erickson believed Freud’s basic theory, but he outlined eight psychosocial stages.

Defense mechanisms are certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances. In cases of facing intense frustration, conflict, or feelings, people tend to deceive themselves into believing that nothing is wrong. According to Freud, these defense mechanisms stem from the unconscious part of the ego. Additionally, they become conscious to the individual only during a form of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis. To a certain degree, these defense mechanisms are necessary for psychological well-being, as they relieve confusion and stress. However, it is cautionary that if a person were to use defense mechanisms all of the time, he or she would avoid facing and solving problems realistically. =__**Terms**__= 1. **__Unconscious __**__- __The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors. * lacking normal sensory awareness of the environment ¨ the phenomenon where one fails to immediately solve a given problem then suddenly has a flash of insight that provides a solution days later 2. **__Id __**__- __The part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">the <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> part of the psyche, residing in the unconscious, that is the source of instinctive impulses ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">An action without a consequence 3. **__<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Ego __**__<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">- __<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">The part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">the <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> “I” or self of any person. ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">If you are hungry the ego recognizes your body needs real food that that it will continue to need food in the future. 4. **__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Superego __**__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">- __<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">the <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> part of the personality representing the conscience ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">A phobia to id without the fear factor. 5. **__<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Defense Mechanisms __**__<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">- __<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">An unconscious process that protects an individual from unacceptable or painful ideas or impulses ¨ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">You don’t completely understand when you are doing something because it is unconscious 6. **__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Collective unconscious __**__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">- __<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">The part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">inborn <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> unconscious psychic material common to humankind ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Stores memories from the passed so you can remember them in future referencing 7. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">. **__<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Archetype __**__ - __An inherited idea, based on the experiences of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">the <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> original pattern or model from which all things of the same kind are copied or on which they are based ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Characters like the hero or the star are examples of archetypes 8. **__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">Inferiority complex __**__<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">- __<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">A pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source. * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">lack <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;"> of self-esteem ¨ <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: 115%;">When you feel inferior and think that everyone else is better than you =__**Key Concepts**__=

<span style="color: #953735; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> The **id** contains our basic needs and wants. It is selfish and operates on the terms of the pleasure principle. The part of the unconscious where fun, impulsiveness and lust are located is the id. We are born with the id and we use it when we are babies to drive our need for food and water. A little kid throwing a fit in the supermarket because they want a candy bar is an example of the id at work.

<span style="color: #953735; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The **superego** is your conscious. The superego operates on the moral principle and has the tendency to be overly harsh. This is what causes people to feel guilty. For example, when you didn’t have time to study for a test one night and your id is telling you it would be easy enough to cheat on the test to make up for it, your superego stops you from cheating because it is not moral.

<span style="color: #953735; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The **ego** tries to balance the id and the superego. It operates on the reality principle. It has to satisfy the ids demands while not making the superego upset. An example of this is in cartoons where a cartoon character has a devil sitting on one shoulder and an angel on the other. When the cartoon character tries to satisfy both the angel and the devil they are acting as the ego. The ego develops in the preschool years**.**

**<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reaction formation **<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> involves replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with an opposite one. A woman who finds powerful ambitions unacceptable may play the role of a weak, helpless, passive female who wants nothing more than to please the men in her life.

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Regression** <span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">means going, back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior. For example an adolescent who is overwhelmed with fear might want to cry or see their parents to be calmed down.

**<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Repression **<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is the mental process in which scarring, bad, or unwanted memories are forgotten intentionally by the brain. Sometimes, if a person has a traumatic experience they won’t be able to remember what happened to them.

**<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rationalization **<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is the mental process in which rational thought is used to explain unpleasant experiences. In the real world people often rationalize their actions.

**<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Denial **<span style="color: #77933c; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is a state in which a person rejects or refuses to believe that they have issues. Many people deny when bad things happen in the real world.


 * <span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Displacement **<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> is when you cannot take your anger on the source of your frustrations, so you take out your rustrations on a less powerful person. An example of this could be if you get frustrated at your pet but you cannot hit it nor put it to any harm you might go hurt a little brother or sister or go punch your pillow.

**<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sublimation **<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is referring redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire. Basically you work harder over someone else to achieve great potential. For example at work, a coworker might be slacking off at work, so that only motivates you to work harder and prove yourself.

**<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Other theorists: **<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Along with Jung and Adler, other authority figures that helped differ with Freud’s ideas inlcude Fromm, Horney, and Erickson. Erich Fromm focused on the need to belong and how freedom can bring loneliness. Karen Horney focused on the importance of basic anxiety and basic hostility. The last person was Erik Erickson who came up with eight psychosocial stages that each person will go through from birth to old age. For Fromm an example could relate to kids in school wanting to belong to a group of people. For Horney an example could be that a child would feel helpless if their parent is detached from them, or they resent their parents. Finally for the last theorists, Erik Erickson an example could relate to a person having the complication of Intimacy vs. Isolation causing them to ask the question, "Should I share my life with someone or live alone?" which falls into stage 6 of Erickson's Stages of Pscyhosocial Development.

<span style="color: #604a7b; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">**Carl Jung** at one time was Freud’s closest associate. Jung disagreed with Freud on two major points. First he had a more positive view of human nature and second he distinguished between the personal unconscious. Jung then went on to identify the archetype by studying dreams, visions, paintings, poetry, folk stories, myths, and relations. He then found that the same themes appear over and over. He also found that many different cultures share certain myths dreams, religious beliefs, and symbols separated by time. Jung’s studies help us today understand the different cultures and how we all relate in different ways. He also helped distinguish between personal unconscious so that researchers now know what to study.

<span style="color: #604a7b; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> <span style="color: #604a7b; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Alfred Adler** was an associate of Freud’s who left his teacher to develop his own approach to personality theory. He believed that the driving force in people’s lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority. He also believed that the way parents treat their children influences the styles living they choose. Adler’s theory of the way parents treat their children influences the style of live they choose to live is true in the world today. If parents abuse their children the child grows up thinking that’s how they should treat their kids but if they don’t they grow up thinking its wrong.

**<span style="color: #604a7b; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Freud’s Contribution **<span style="color: #604a7b; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">is the recognition of the tremendous forces that exist in human personality and the difficulty of controlling and handling them were his contributions to understanding human life. Freud was the first psychologist to claim that infancy and childhood are critical times for forming the basic character structure of a person. He was also the first person to propose a joined theory to understand and explain human behavior. All of Freud’s contributions help with the way we understand human life today and what we believe about it. Freud helped today’s researchers who study human life base their research off of his and go further with it and more in detail.

=__Review Questions__=

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt;">1. Sammy is angry because people are telling her grandpa is dead but she refuses to believe it. What defense mechanism is she using? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. denial <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. projection <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. repression <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. rationalization <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">e. sublimation

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. Which structural concept of the personality operates on the moral principle? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. id <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. superego <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. ego <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. both a and b <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">e. both a and c

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What is the defense mechanism where you replace an unacceptable feeling with an opposite one? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. Regression <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. projection <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. sublimation <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. reaction formation <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">e .denial

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. Which theorists help differ from Freud's idea in the concept of creating eight psychosocial stages? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. Carl Jung <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. Alfred Adler <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. Erik Erikson <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. Erich Fromm <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">e. Karen Horney

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">5. Who distinguished between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. Alfred Adler <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. Sigmund Freud <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. Carl Jung <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. Noam Chomsky
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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">6. Deals with the part of the mind that unconsciously protects itself from unpleasant circumstances. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">a. The Ego <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">b. Defense Mechanisms <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">c. Inferiority complex <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">d. Collective Unconscious

__**Links**__ Sigmund Freud and the Unconscious This link highlights the life and works of Sigmund Freud.